Dilated cardiomyopathy

A 60-year-old woman with a history of type 2 diabetes and hypertension presents with worsening shortness of breath and orthopnoea. On examination, there is a displaced apex beat and an S3 gallop. Her blood pressure is 130/80 mmHg. An echocardiogram reveals a dilated left ventricle with global hypokinesis and an ejection fraction of 30%.

What is the most appropriate initial pharmacological treatment for this patient?

A 65-year-old woman with a history of dilated cardiomyopathy is being evaluated for long-term management. She is currently asymptomatic but has moderate ventricular dilation on echocardiography. Her physician discusses potential treatment options to prevent disease progression and manage symptoms.

Which of the following is the most appropriate long-term management strategy for this patient?

A 55-year-old female with a history of viral myocarditis presents with worsening fatigue, dyspnoea on exertion, and nocturnal cough. Physical examination reveals an elevated jugular venous pressure, an S3 gallop, and bilateral pedal oedema. An echocardiogram shows a globally dilated left ventricle with an ejection fraction of 25%.

Which of the following is a potential complication of dilated cardiomyopathy?

A 45-year-old woman presents with exertional dyspnea, fatigue, and palpitations. On physical examination, there is an S3 heart sound and mild hepatomegaly. The physician suspects dilated cardiomyopathy and decides to confirm the diagnosis.

Which of the following investigations is most appropriate for confirming the diagnosis of dilated cardiomyopathy?

A 50-year-old male presents to the cardiology clinic with progressive shortness of breath, fatigue, and swelling of his legs over the past six months. He has a history of alcohol abuse. On physical examination, there are bilateral basal crackles, elevated jugular venous pressure, and pitting oedema in both legs. An echocardiogram shows left ventricular dilatation and an ejection fraction of 25%.

What is the most likely cause of his dilated cardiomyopathy?